Neurolysis is a surgical procedure that removes scar tissue from around and sometimes from within the nerve to improve its function. Surgery is needed if there is significant scar tissue or a gap between cut nerve ends. On average, damaged nerves can grow back at a rate of about 1 inch per month or 1 millimeter per day.
Schwann cells can help damaged nerves regenerate and restore function. The central nervous system does not have these cells. This is because these neurons have a different lining, or sheath, made up of Schwann cells. The chance of nerve regeneration is greater within the peripheral nervous system. Most people improve within three to six months, but surgery may be needed based on the lack of clinical improvement and other tests, including an ultrasound and electromyography. All three types of nerve injuries detailed above also can occur or in combination with one another. These may result from a fall, a birth injury, a motor vehicle accident, a surgical procedure or workplace injury. Stretch injuries are the most encountered pattern of nerve damage. Larger gaps may need artificial conduits or nerve grafts to fill the defect. If the gap is less than 2 centimeters, the nerve ends may be sutured together, provided they come together easily. If there is an open cut, a neurosurgeon can see the cut nerve ends at surgery and repair this. This is a complete nerve injury, where the nerve sheath and underlying neurons are severed. Nerve cells can regenerate and grow back at a rate of about an inch a month, but recovery is typically incomplete and slow. The outer nerve sheath is intact, but the neurons within are damaged. Any resulting numbness, weakness or loss of function is temporary, and most people make nearly a complete recovery with rest and time. The nerve itself is intact and merely stunned. This is the mildest and most common type of nerve injury. Three types of peripheral nervous system injuries are: Other causes of nerve injury include diabetes, radiation, alcoholism, viral illnesses, birth trauma, surgery, autoimmune reactions and certain hereditary conditions. Repetitive microtrauma, such as carpal tunnel syndrome, also can cause nerve damage. Accidents, falls and sports can cause injuries. Injuries to the peripheral nervous system can happen slowly over time or in an instant. This prevents damage from progressing to other areas. Surgical procedures can relieve pressure on the spinal cord and brain. Neurosurgeons can't alter the primary injury suffered by the brain or spinal cord, but they can prevent secondary damage from occurring. The chance of recovery is greatest in patients 40 and younger after a traumatic brain injury. For example, if a stroke causes an area of brain damage, other parts of the nervous system can take over the lost function of the damaged area. Simply put, when one area loses function, other undamaged areas of the brain can take over. This is called "plasticity." Luckily, the brain has a lot of built-in redundancy. However, this part of the nervous system can reorganize in response to an injury.
Injured nerve cells in the central nervous system typically do not regenerate. These injuries are often called traumatic brain injuries or traumatic spine injuries. They can be caused by an auto accident, sports injury, fall, stroke, ruptured brain aneurysm, lack of oxygen, gunshots or an explosive blast. Injuries to the spinal cord or brain can happen in an instant. The head is connected to the spinal cord or brain, and the tail connects to a muscle or organ. Each neuron has a head called the cell body and a long tail called an axon. To put it simply, neurons are like electrical wires that are lined on the outside by special cells that provide insulation. These nerves fire muscles sense temperature and control your heart, lungs and other involuntary functions essential to life. The peripheral nervous system, on the other hand, connects the central nervous system with your internal organs, muscles and sensory tissues. The brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system, which is usually what first comes to mind for many people. Nervous system injuries can be painful, and cause weakness, tingling, numbness and even changes in blood circulation.Īll the neurons in your body start and end in your brain or spinal cord. This affects the brain's ability to communicate with your muscles and sensory organs. It can be damaged, and it heals with great difficulty, if at all. The nervous system receives and relays sensory information like vision, sound, smell, taste, touch and pain. Their connections, called synapses, reach all areas of the body. The nervous system is a complex and wide-reaching network of nerve cells called neurons.
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